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Imfuno ehlala isanda yonxibelelwano lomnxeba oluphathwayo lukhokelele ekuveleni okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obungenazingcingo (G), obunokuba neempembelelo ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji.Ukuvavanya oku, siveze iimpuku kwintloko enye kwi-4G yexesha elide lokuzivelela (LTE) -1800 MHz intsimi ye-electromagnetic (EMF) kangangeeyure ze-2 emva koko siphumelele isiphumo se-2. I-neuroinflammation kwi-microglia yokugubungela indawo kunye nomsebenzi we-electrophysiological neuronal kwi-cortex yokuqala ye-auditory (ACx) .Umndilili we-SAR kwi-ACx ngu-0.5 W / kg. Ukurekhoda kweeyunithi ezininzi kubonisa ukuba i-LTE-EMF ibangela ukunciphisa ubuninzi bokuphendula kwiitoni ezicocekileyo kunye nezwi lendalo, ngelixa i-angeustic ephantsi kunye nokunyuka kwe-midres. i-frequencies.Iba1 i-immunohistochemistry ibonise ukuba akukho tshintsho kwindawo egutyungelwe yimizimba ye-microglial kunye neenkqubo.Kwiigundane ezinempilo, ukubonakaliswa okufanayo kwe-LTE akuzange kubangele utshintsho kwi-intensiteten intensity and acoustic thresholds.Idatha yethu ibonisa ukuba i-neuroinflammation ebukhali ivakalisa i-neurons kwi-LTE-EMF, okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-ACxstimuli ye-acoustic.
Imekobume ye-electromagnetic yoluntu iye yatshintsha kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo konxibelelwano olungenazingcingo.Okwangoku, ngaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu sabemi bathathwa njengabasebenzisi beefowuni eziphathwayo (MP) unxibelelwano.Lo mcimbi wezempilo yoluntu ukhuthaze inani lezifundo zovavanyo ezinikezelwe ekuphandeni iziphumo zokufunxwa kweradiofrequency kwizicubu zebhayoloji1.Ezinye zezi zifundo zijonge utshintsho kumsebenzi womnatha we-neuronal kunye neenkqubo zokuqonda, kunikwa ukuba kufutshane kobuchopho kwimithombo yeRF phantsi kosetyenziso oluxhaphakileyo lweMP.Izifundo ezininzi ezixeliweyo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiziphumo zonxibelelwano lwesibini lwe-modu G jikelele (GSM) okanye i-wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/isizukulwana sesithathu iinkqubo zonxibelelwano lweselula jikelele (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Little iyaziwa ngemiphumo yemiqondiso yerediyo yefrikhwensi esetyenziswa kwisizukulwana sesine (4G) iinkonzo zeselula, ezixhomekeke kwiteknoloji yeProtocol ye-Intanethi ebizwa ngokuba yi-Long Term Evolution, LTE1et1 iteknoloji yezandla ezilindelekileyo kwi-LTE. ukufikelela kwi-6.6 yezigidigidi zababhalisi be-LTE behlabathi ngoJanuwari 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com) .Xa kuthelekiswa ne-GSM (2G) kunye ne-WCDMA (3G) iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiinkqubo zokumodareyitha kwe-single-carrier, i-LTE isebenzisa i-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) njengefomathi yesignali esisiseko6.Ehlabathini lonke, i-LTE sebenzisa uluhlu lwe-3 yeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo ze-mobile 7 kunye ne-LTE5 ezahlukeneyo I-MHz, kuquka i-900 kunye ne-1800 MHz iibhendi nazo zisetyenziswa kwi-GSM.
Ukukwazi kweRF ukuchatshazelwa kweenkqubo zebhayoloji kumiselwa ubukhulu becala lizinga elithile lokufunxa (SAR) elichazwe kwi-W/kg, elilinganisa amandla afunxekayo kwizicubu zebhayoloji. ukuguquguquka rhoqo kunye nokuguqulwa koqhagamshelwano lwangaphakathi okanye phakathi kwengingqi, ngelixa amanqanaba aphezulu e-SAR aphakathi kwe-10 g ye-tissue aqikelelwa ukuba ahluke phakathi kwe-0.42 kunye ne-1.52 W / kg, ngokwezihloko 7, 8, 9.EEG uhlalutyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokuvezwa (30 min ubude, i-kg i-peak ye-3 yommeli we-SAR imodeli eqikelelwayo, i-kg ye-1 yentloko yommeli we-3 imodeli encitshisiweyo. Amandla e-spectral kunye nokubambisana kwe-hemispheric kwiibhendi ze-alpha kunye ne-beta. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo ezimbini ezisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwe-EEG zifumene ukuba i-20 okanye i-30 imizuzu ye-LTE yokuvezwa kwentloko, kunye namanqanaba aphezulu e-SAR yendawo ebekwe malunga ne-2 W / kg, mhlawumbi ayinayo impembelelo ebonakalayo11 okanye ibangele amandla e-spectral kwi-alpha band yehla, ngelixa i-cognition ye-cognition ayizange itshintshe ukusebenza kwe-cognition. .Ukwahluka okuphawulekayo kwafunyanwa kwakhona kwiziphumo ze-EEG okanye izifundo zokuqonda ngokuthe ngqo kwimiphumo ye-GSM okanye i-UMTS EMF exposure.Bacingelwa ukuba bavela kwiiyantlukwano kwindlela yokuyila kunye neeparitha zokulinga, kubandakanywa uhlobo lwesignali kunye nokumodareyitha, ubuninzi be-exposure kunye nobude, okanye ukusuka kwi-heterogeneity kwizifundo zabantu ngokumalunga nobudala, okanye i-anatomy.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izifundo ezimbalwa zezilwanyana zisetyenziselwe ukufumanisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kuchaphazela njani ukusebenza kwengqondo.Kutshanje kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ukuvezwa kwenkqubo yokuphuhlisa iigundane ukusuka kwinqanaba le-embryonic emva kwexesha ukuya elunyulweni (i-30 min / imini, iintsuku ze-5 / iveki, kunye ne-SAR yomzimba wonke we-0.5 okanye i-1 W / kg) kubangele ukuguqulwa kwemoto kunye ne-appethood exposure system4. usuku kwiiveki ze-6) kwiigundane zabantu abadala zafunyanwa ukuba zenze uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokunciphisa i-amplitude yezinto ezibonakalayo ezikhutshweyo ezifunyenwe kwi-nerve ye-optic, kunye ne-SAR ephezulu eqikelelwa ukuba iphantsi njenge-10 mW / kg15.
Ukongeza kuhlalutyo kwizikali ezininzi, kubandakanya amanqanaba eselula kunye neemolekyuli, iimodeli zeempuku zinokusetyenziselwa ukufunda iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-RF ngexesha lokugula, njengoko bekugxilwe ngaphambili kwi-GSM okanye kwi-WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF kumxholo we-neuroinflammation ebukhali. Uphononongo lubonise imiphumo yokubamba, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative okanye i-gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
I-Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -i-rodents efakwe kwi-lipopolysaccharide imodeli ye-preclinical ye-classic yeempendulo ze-neuroinflammatory acute ezinxulumene nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane okanye iibhaktheriya ezichaphazela uninzi lwabemi ngonyaka ngamnye.Le meko yokuvuvukala ikhokelela kwisifo esiguqukayo kunye nesifo sokuziphatha esixinzelelekileyo esibonakaliswe ngumkhuhlane, ukulahlekelwa ngumdla, kunye nokunciphisa i-CNS ye-cell interaction engundoqo ye-phagliasident ye-social interaction. impendulo ye-neuroinflammatory.Ukunyangwa kwee-rodents kunye ne-LPS kubangela ukuba kusebenze i-microglia ebonakaliswe ngokuhlengahlengiswa kwemilo yabo kunye neenkqubo zeselula kunye notshintsho olunzulu kwiprofayili ye-transcriptome, kubandakanywa nokulawulwa kweejene ze-encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines okanye i-enzymes, ezichaphazela i-neuronal networks Imisebenzi ye-22, i-23, i-24.
Ukufundisisa imiphumo ye-2 yeyure enye ye-exposure yentloko ye-GSM-1800 MHz EMF kwiigundane eziphathwe nge-LPS, sifumene ukuba i-GSM ibangela iimpendulo zeselula kwi-cortex ye-cerebral, echaphazela i-gene expression, i-glutamate receptor phosphorylation, i-neuronal i-Meta-evoked firing kunye ne-inmorphology ye-inmorphology ye-inmorphology. ifunyenwe kwiigundane eziphilileyo ezifumene i-GSM exposure efanayo, ebonisa ukuba i-LPS-ibangele i-neuroinflammatory state ivuselela iiseli ze-CNS kwi-GSM yokubonisa.Ugxininiso kwi-cortex ye-auditory (ACx) yeegundane eziphathwayo ze-LPS, apho i-SAR yendawo iphakathi kwe-1.55 W / kg, sabona ukuba i-GSM exposure ye-GSM exposure ibangele ukuhlanjululwa kwe-neuroglial kwiinkqubo ze-neuroglial kunye nokunciphisa ubude besebe le-neuroglial kunye nokunciphisa ubude besebe le-neuroglial kunye nokunciphisa ubude besebe. zikhutshwe ngeethowuni ezinyulu kunye .Uvuselelo lweNdalo 28.
Kuphononongo lwangoku, sijolise ekuhloleni ukuba i-head-exposure ye-LTE-1800 MHz imiqondiso inokuguqula kwakhona i-microglial morphology kunye nomsebenzi we-neuronal kwi-ACx, ukunciphisa amandla okuvezwa ngamabini kwisithathu.Sibonisa apha ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kwakungenayo impembelelo kwiinkqubo ze-microglial kodwa kusenokubangela ukunciphisa okukhulu kwi-SAR ye-sound-evoked ye-ACPS ye-correction ye-ACx. 0.5 W / kg.
Ukunikezelwa kobungqina obudlulileyo bokuba ukuvezwa kwe-GSM-1800 MHz kuguqule i-microglial morphology phantsi kweemeko eziphazamisayo, siye saphanda esi siphumo emva kokuvezwa kokubonakaliswa kwe-LTE.
Iigundane zabantu abadala zijojowe nge-LPS iiyure ze-24 ngaphambi kokuba i-sham ye-head-only exposure okanye i-exposure ye-LTE-1800 MHz. Emva kokuvezwa, iimpendulo ze-LPS ezibangelwa yi-neuroinflammatory zisekwe kwi-cortex ye-cerebral, njengoko kuboniswe ngokunyanzeliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ze-proinflammatory kunye noshintsho kwi-cortical microglia i-avareji i-morphology ye-SAR evezwe nge-header ye-SAR evezwe nge-header morphology. inqanaba le-0.5 W / kg kwi-ACx (Umfanekiso 2) .Ukufumanisa ukuba i-LPS-activated microglia isabela kwi-LTE EMF, sihlalutye amacandelo e-cortical afakwe i-anti-Iba1 ekhethiweyo ngokukhetha ezi seli.Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 3a, kumacandelo e-ACx agxininise i-shaposure ye-3 okanye i-microglia efanayo emva kweeyure ze-LTE ezichanekileyo zijonge i-3 okanye i-microglia efanayo. "i-dense-like" i-cell morphology ekhutshwe yi-LPS yonyango lwe-pro-inflammatory (Figure 1) . Ngokuhambelana nokungabikho kweempendulo ze-morphological, uhlalutyo lomfanekiso lobuninzi lubonisa ukuba akukho ntlukwano ebalulekileyo kwindawo epheleleyo (uvavanyo lwe-t-test, p = 0.308) okanye indawo (p = 0.196) kunye noxinaniso (p = i-immune ye-immune ye-0.0) I-1-stained cell body in LTE rats ngokuchasene nezilwanyana ezivezwe nge-sham (Umfanekiso 3b-d).
Iziphumo ze-LPS ip injection kwi-cortical microglia morphology.Umbono omele i-microglia kwicandelo le-cortex ye-cerebral cortex (indawo ye-dorsomedial) kwiiyure ze-24 emva kwesitofu se-intraperitoneal ye-LPS okanye isithuthi (ulawulo) . ukwanda kwamasebe amafutshane aphakathi kweenkqubo zeselula, okukhokelela kwinkangeleko "exineneyo".Ibar yesikali: 20 µm.
Uhlalutyo lwe-dosimetric yezinga elithile lokufunxa (SAR) kwingqondo yempuku ngexesha lokuvezwa kwi-1800 MHz LTE.A echazwe ngaphambili imodeli eyahlukileyo ye-phantom rat kunye ne-loop antenna62 yayisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya i-SAR yendawo ebuchotsheni, kunye ne-0.5 mm3 cubic grid. Iphedi (etyheli) ngaphantsi komzimba.(b) Ukusasazwa kwamaxabiso e-SAR kubuchopho bomntu omdala kwi-0.5 mm3 isisombululo sesithuba
I-microglia efakwe i-LPS kwi-rat auditory cortex ilandela i-LTE okanye i-Sham exposure.(a) Umboniso omeleyo opakishweyo we-microglia engcoliswe nge-anti-Iba1 antibody kumacandelo e-LPS-perfused impuku yokuva i-cortex 3 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-4 emva kokuvezwa kwe-Sham okanye i-LTE (utyhileko: i-barometric .20bdµ). Uvavanyo lwe-microglia 3 kwiiyure ze-4 emva kwe-sham (amachaphaza avulekileyo) okanye ukuvezwa kwe-LTE (eveziweyo, amachaphaza amnyama) (b, c) Ukugubungela indawo (b) ye-microglia marker Iba1 kunye nemimandla ye-Iba1-positive cell body (c) .Data imele i-anti-Iba1 indawo yokungcolisa eqhelekileyo ukuya kwintsingiselo yezilwanyana ezichasene ne-Sham-extained1. imizimba.Ukwahluka phakathi kwe-Sham (n = 5) kunye ne-LTE (n = 6) izilwanyana zazingabalulekanga (p> 0.05, uvavanyo lwe-t olungenakulinganiswa) .Umphezulu kunye nezantsi kwebhokisi, imigca ephezulu kunye nezantsi imele i-25th-75th percentile kunye ne-5-95th percentile, ngokulandelanayo.Ixabiso eliphakathi liphawulwe kwibhokisi ebomvu.
Itheyibhile ye-1 ishwankathela amanani ezilwanyana kunye neeyunithi ezininzi ezirekhodiweyo ezifunyenwe kwi-cortex ye-auditory ephambili yamaqela amane eegundane (i-Sham, i-Exposed, i-Sham-LPS, i-Exposed-LPS) .Kwiziphumo ezingezantsi, sibandakanya zonke iirekhodi ezibonisa indawo ebalulekileyo ye-spectral temporal receptive field (STRF), oko kukuthi, i-tone-evoked tone-evoked standards denerates sponerate at least 6 1) .Ukusebenzisa le khrayitheriya, sikhethe iirekhodi ze-266 zeqela le-Sham, iirekhodi ze-273 zeqela eliveziweyo, iirekhodi ze-299 zeqela le-Sham-LPS, kunye neerekhodi ze-295 zeqela le-Exposed-LPS.
Kule mihlathi ilandelayo, siya kuqala sichaze iiparitha ezikhutshwe kwi-spectral-temporal receptive field (oko kukuthi, impendulo kwiitoni ezicocekileyo) kunye nokuphendula kwii-vocalizations ezithile ze-xenogeneic. Emva koko siya kuchaza ubungakanani bendawo yokuphendula rhoqo efunyenwe kwiqela ngalinye.Ngokuqwalasela ubukho be "data efakwe kwi-nested data" 30 kwisithuba sethu sovavanyo olusekelwe kwi-electrodeation yoyilo lwenziwe uhlalutyo lwe-electrolyte uluhlu (umqolo wokugqibela kwiThebhile 1), kodwa zonke iziphumo ezichazwe ngezantsi nazo zazisekwe kwinani lezithuba kwiqela ngalinye. Itotali yenani lokurekhodwa kweeyunithi ezininzi eziqokelelweyo (umqolo wesithathu kwiThebhile 1).
Umzobo we-4a ubonisa ukuhanjiswa kwefrikhwensi efanelekileyo (i-BF, ifuna impendulo enkulu kwi-75 dB SPL) ye-cortical neurons efunyenwe kwi-LPS-treated Sham kunye nezilwanyana eziveziweyo.Uluhlu lwamafrikhwensi e-BF kumaqela omabini lwandisiwe ukusuka kwi-1 kHz ukuya kwi-36 kHz. inokwenziwa ngaphandle kokukhetha iisampulu.
Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-LTE kwiiparamitha ezinobungakanani beempendulo zecortical kwizilwanyana eziphathwe nge-LPS.(a) Ukusasazwa kwe-BF kwi-cortical neurons yezilwanyana eziphathwe nge-LPS ezivezwe kwi-LTE (emnyama) kunye ne-sham-evezwe kwi-LTE (emhlophe). (STRF) .Amandla okuphendula ancitshiswe kakhulu (* p <0.05, i-t-test engabonakaliyo) kuzo zombini i-STRF (amandla okuphendula iyonke) kunye ne-frequencies efanelekileyo (b, c) .Ubude bexesha lokuphendula, i-bandwidth yempendulo, kunye ne-bandwidth eqhubekayo (df) .Zombini amandla kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha lokuphendula kwi-vocalizations kuncitshiswe kakhulu (g, i-i-i-p, i-i (i-i) iyancipha kakhulu. 0.05, unpaired t-test).(j,k) Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-LTE kwi-cortical thresholds.I-Mean thresholds yayiphezulu kakhulu kwi-LTE-exposed rats xa kuthelekiswa neempuku ezivezwe nge-sham.Esi siphumo sibonakala ngakumbi kwiifrikhwensi ezisezantsi neziphakathi.
Amanani e-4b-f abonisa ukuhanjiswa kweeparitha ezivela kwi-STRF kwezi zilwanyana (zithetha kuboniswe ngemigca ebomvu) .Imiphumo yokubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kwizilwanyana eziphathwayo ze-LPS zibonakala zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-neuronal excitability.Okokuqala, ubuninzi bokuphendula kunye neempendulo zaziphantsi kakhulu kwi-BF xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana ze-Sham-LPS (Umfanekiso we-4b, p-0 p; = 0.0445) .Ngokunjalo, iimpendulo kwizandi zonxibelelwano zehla kuzo zombini amandla okuphendula kunye nokuthembeka kwe-inter-trial (Umfanekiso we-4g, h; i-t-test engapheliyo, p = 0.043) .Umsebenzi ozenzekelayo wancitshiswa, kodwa le mpembelelo yayingabalulekanga (Umfanekiso 4i; p = 0.0745). Izilwanyana eziphathwa nge-LPS (umzobo 4d-f), ebonisa ukuba ukukhetha rhoqo kunye nokuchaneka kweempendulo zokuqala akuzange kuchaphazeleke kukuvezwa kwe-LTE kwizilwanyana eziphathwa nge-LPS.
Siye savavanya ngokulandelayo ukuba ithoni ecocekileyo ye-cortical thresholds yatshintshwa yi-LTE exposure.Ukusuka kwindawo yokuphendula rhoqo (FRA) efunyenwe kwirekhodi nganye, sinqume imilinganiselo yokuvalelwa kwi-frequency nganye kunye ne-avareji le miqobo kumaqela omabini ezilwanyana.Umfanekiso we-4j ubonisa umyinge (± sem) imingcele ukusuka kwi-3Comts-pazring kwi-3Comts 1.1. Imida yokuvalelwa kwe-Sham kunye namaqela abonakalisiweyo abonise ukunyuka okukhulu kwimida kwizilwanyana ezivezwayo xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana ze-Sham (Umfanekiso we-4j), umphumo owawubonakaliswe ngakumbi kwi-frequencies ephantsi naphakathi. iyancipha (i-chi-square = 43.85; p <0.0001; Umzobo 4k, umzobo osekhohlo). Umphumo ofanayo wabonwa kwi-middle-frequency (2.25
Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-LTE kwiiparamitha ezinobungakanani beempendulo ze-cortical kwizilwanyana eziphilileyo. (a) Ukusabalalisa kwe-BF kwi-cortical neurons yezilwanyana eziphilileyo ezivezwe kwi-LTE (i-blue blue) kunye ne-sham-evezwe kwi-LTE (i-blue blue). ubungakanani bokuphendula kuyo yonke i-STRF kunye nee-frequencies ezifanelekileyo (b, c) .Kukho ukunyuka okuncinci kwithuba lokuphendula (d), kodwa akukho tshintsho kwi-bandwidth yempendulo kunye ne-bandwidth (e, f) .Akukho mandla okanye ukuthembeka kwexeshana leempendulo kwiimpawu ezitshintshileyo (g, h) Kwakungekho tshintsho olubalulekileyo kumsebenzi ozenzekelayo (i) (i) t. Iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-LTE kwi-cortical thresholds.Ngomndilili, imiqobo ayitshintshanga kakhulu kwiigundane ezivezwe kwi-LTE xa kuthelekiswa neempuku eziveziweyo ze-Sham, kodwa imiqobo ephezulu yokuphindaphinda yayingaphantsi kancinci kwizilwanyana eziveziweyo.
Iimpawu ze-5b-f zibonisa iibhokisi zebhokisi ezimele ukusabalalisa kunye nentsingiselo (umgca obomvu) weeparitha ezivela kwiiseti ezimbini ze-STRF.Kwizilwanyana eziphilileyo, ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE ngokwayo kwakunempembelelo encinci kwixabiso lexabiso leeparamitha ze-STRF.Xa kuthelekiswa neqela le-Sham (ukukhanya vs iibhokisi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zeqela eliveziweyo), ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE akuzange kuguqule okanye i-5 okanye impendulo ye-Bten; I-t-test engabonakaliyo, i-p = 0.2176, kunye ne-p = 0.8696 ngokulandelanayo).Kwakungekho nempembelelo kwi-bandwidth ye-spectral kunye ne-latency (p = 0.6764 kunye ne-p = 0.7129, ngokulandelanayo), kodwa kukho ukwanda okukhulu kwexesha lokuphendula (p = 0.047) . 0.4375), ukuthembeka kwe-inter-trial kwezi mpendulo (Umfanekiso 5h, p = 0.3412), kunye nomsebenzi ozenzekelayo (umzobo 5) .5i; p = 0.3256).
Umzobo we-5j ubonisa imilinganiselo (± sem) ukusuka kwi-1.1 ukuya kwi-36 kHz kwiigundane ezinempilo.Ayizange ibonise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-sham kunye neegundane ezivezwayo, ngaphandle komlinganiselo ophantsi kancinci kwizilwanyana eziveziweyo kwi-frequencies ephezulu (11-36 kHz) (i-t-test engabonakaliyo, i-p = 3). (i-chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Umzobo 5k), kwakukho i-neurons encinci kunye ne-low and medium thresholds (ngelixa i-high thresholds) i-neurons encinci).
Ukuququmbela, xa izilwanyana eziphilileyo zibonakaliswe kwi-LTE, kwakungekho mpembelelo kumandla okuphendula kwiitoni ezicocekileyo kunye nezandi ezinzima ezifana nezandi.Ngaphezu koko, kwizilwanyana eziphilileyo, i-cortical auditory thresholds yayifana phakathi kwezilwanyana eziveziweyo kunye ne-sham, kanti kwizilwanyana eziphathwa nge-LPS, ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwi-cortical infrequencys kunye ne-middlefrequency.
Uphononongo lwethu lubonise ukuba kwiigundane zamadoda ezikhulileyo ezifumana i-neuroinflammation ebukhali, ukuvezwa kwe-LTE-1800 MHz kunye ne-SARACx yendawo ye-0.5 W / kg (jonga Iindlela) kubangele ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kweempendulo ezivezwe kwisandi kwiirekhodi eziphambili zonxibelelwano.Olu tshintsho kumsebenzi we-neuronal lwenzeka ngaphandle kobungakanani bempembelelo ye-spaglia. I-LTE ekugxininiseni kweempendulo ezikhutshiweyo ze-cortical azizange zibonwe kwiigundane eziphilileyo.Ukuqwalasela ukufana kokusasazwa kwefrikhwensi efanelekileyo phakathi kweeyunithi zokurekhoda kwi-LTE-evezwayo kunye nezilwanyana ezivezwe nge-sham, ukuhlukana kwe-neuronal reactivity kunokuthi kufakwe kwimiphumo ye-biological yezibonakaliso ze-LTE kunokuba isampuli i-bias (Umfanekiso we-4ancy inspector inspectral inspection inspector bandwidth). Iimpuku eziveziweyo ze-LTE zicebisa ukuba, oku kunokwenzeka, ezi rekhodiweyo zathathwa kwi-cortical layers efanayo, ebekwe kwindawo yokuqala ye-ACx kunemimandla yesibini.
Ngokolwazi lwethu, umphumo we-LTE yokubonisa kwiimpendulo ze-neuronal awuzange uchazwe ngaphambili.Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zangaphambili zibhale amandla e-GSM-1800 MHz okanye i-1800 MHz i-wave eqhubekayo (CW) ukuguqula i-neuronal excitability, nangona kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuhlola. Kungekudala emva kokuvezwa kwi-SAR ye-1800 i-WKg 8 MHz kwizinga le-WKg8. i-snail ganglia ibonise ukuncipha kwemibundu yokuqalisa amandla entshukumo kunye ne-neuronal modulation.Kwelinye icala, i-spiking kunye nokuqhuma umsebenzi kwiinkcubeko eziphambili ze-neuronal ezithathwe kwingqondo yeempuku zancitshiswa ngokuvezwa kwi-GSM-1800 MHz okanye i-1800 MHz CW kwimizuzu ye-15 kwi-SARkg ye-SARkg ye-300 kuphela kwimizuzu ye-4. Ukuvezwa.Ukuthuliswa okupheleleyo kwe-neurons kwaphunyezwa kwi-SAR ye-9.2 W / kg. Uhlalutyo lwe-Dose-response lubonise ukuba i-GSM-1800 MHz yayisebenza ngakumbi kune-1800 MHz CW ekucinezeleni umsebenzi wokuqhuma, ebonisa ukuba iimpendulo ze-neuronal zixhomekeke kwimodyuli ye-RF yesignali.
Kwimeko yethu, iimpendulo ezikhutshiweyo ze-cortical ziqokelelwe kwi-vivo 3 kwiiyure ze-6 emva kokuba i-2-iyure ye-head-exposure kuphela iphelile.Kuphononongo lwangaphambili, siye saphanda umphumo we-GSM-1800 MHz kwi-SARACx ye-1.55 W / kg kwaye asifumananga mpembelelo ibalulekileyo kwiimpendulo ze-cortical ezikhutshwe ngesandi kwii-rats eziphilileyo kuphela ezikhupha i-rats ephilileyo. I-LTE-1800 kwi-0.5 W / kg I-SARACx yayikunyuka okuncinci kwixesha lempendulo ekunikezelweni kweetoni ezicocekileyo.Le mpembelelo inzima ukuyichaza ngenxa yokuba ayihambisani nokunyuka kwempendulo yempendulo, iphakamisa ukuba le mpendulo yexesha elide lenzeka kunye nenani elilinganayo lezenzo ezinokuthi zikhutshwe yi-cortical neurons.Inkcazo enye ye-interposure ye-interlotory inokuthi inciphise umsebenzi we-L. kubhalwe ukuba kwiprayimari i-ACx yokuthintelwa kwe-feedforward ilawula ixesha leempendulo zeeseli zepyramidal ezibangelwa yi-excitatory thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiigundane eziphantsi kwe-LPS-zibangele i-neuroinflammation, ukuvezwa kwe-LTE akuzange kube nefuthe kwixesha lokudubula kwe-neuronal ekhutshwe ngesandi, kodwa iziphumo eziphawulekayo zafunyanwa kumandla eempendulo ezikhutshiweyo. Enyanisweni, xa kuthelekiswa neempendulo ze-neuronal ezibhalwe kwi-LPS-sham-exposed rats, i-neurons kwi-LPS-treated rets in the retented theirten waqaphela zombini xa ubonisa iithoni ezicocekileyo kunye nezandi zendalo .Ukunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kwempendulo kwiitoni ezicocekileyo kwenzeka ngaphandle kokunciphisa i-spectral tuning bandwidth ye-75 dB, kwaye ekubeni yenzeke kuwo onke amandla omsindo, kubangele ukwanda kwe-acoustic thresholds ye-cortical neurons kwi-low and mid frequencies.
Ukunciphisa amandla okuphendula okukhutshiweyo kubonise ukuba umphumo we-LTE ubonakaliso kwi-SARACx ye-0.5 W / kg kwizilwanyana eziphathwa nge-LPS zifana ne-GSM-1800 MHz esetyenziswe ngokuphindwe kathathu i-SARACx (1.55 W / kg) i-28 .Ngokubhekiselele kwi-GSM ukubonakaliswa, ukuvezwa kwentloko kwi-LTE-1800 ye-neurorat ye-ACcita i-exposure ye-1800 MHz inokunciphisa i-neurorat I-LPS-ibangele i-neuroinflammation.Ngokuhambelana nale ngcamango, siye sabona umkhwa wokunciphisa ukuthembeka kwesilingo kwiimpendulo ze-neuronal kwi-vocalization (Umfanekiso we-4h) kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi ozenzekelayo (umzobo 4i) .Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwaba nzima ukugqiba kwi-vivo ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kunciphisa i-neuronal input intrinsic excitability okanye kunciphisa ukulawulwa kwe-neuroAC kwi-synthesis.
Okokuqala, ezi mpendulo zibuthathaka zinokuba ngenxa ye-excitability encitshisiweyo yangaphakathi yeeseli ze-cortical emva kokuvezwa kwi-LTE 1800 MHz. Ukuxhasa le ngcamango, i-GSM-1800 MHz kunye ne-1800 MHz-CW inciphisa umsebenzi wokuqhuma xa isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkcubeko eziphambili ze-cortical rat neurons kunye namanqanaba e-SAR ye-3.4. Inqanaba le-SAR lalifuneka ukunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokugqabhuka. Ukukhuthaza ukuncitshiswa kwe-intrinsic excitability, siye sabona amazinga aphantsi okudubula okuzenzekelayo kwizilwanyana eziveziweyo kunezilwanyana ezivezwe nge-sham.
Okwesibini, ukuvezwa kwe-LTE kunokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwe-synaptic ukusuka kwi-thalamo-cortical okanye i-cortical-cortical synapses.Iirekhodi ezininzi ngoku zibonisa ukuba, kwi-cortex yokuva, ububanzi be-spectral tuning abugqithwanga kuphela nge-afferent thalamic projections, kodwa ukuba uxhulumaniso lwe-intracortical lunika igalelo elongezelelweyo le-spectral kwi-corstical ye-409 iisayithi ezifanayo ezibonisa i-corstical iisayithi ezifanayo. i-bandwidths kwizilwanyana eziveziweyo kunye ne-sham-evezwe ngokungathanga ngqo ukuba iziphumo zokuvezwa kwe-LTE azizange zibe nemiphumo kwi-cortical-cortical connectivity.Oku kukwacebisa ukuba uxhulumaniso oluphezulu kwezinye iindawo ze-cortical ezivezwe kwi-SAR kunokuba zilinganiswe kwi-ACx (Umfanekiso we-2) ayinakuba noxanduva kwiimpendulo ezitshintshiweyo ezichazwe apha.
Apha, inxalenye enkulu ye-LPS-eveziweyo yokurekhodwa kwe-cortical ibonise imilinganiselo ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezilwanyana eziveziweyo ze-LPS-sham.Ngenxa yokuba kuye kwacetywa ukuba i-cortical acoustic threshold ilawulwa ngokuyintloko ngamandla e-thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, kunokukrokrelwa ukuba i-thalamosured transmission okanye i-pretransmission iyancipha. ukukhululwa kwe-glutamate) okanye inqanaba le-postsynaptic (inombolo ye-receptor encitshisiweyo okanye ubudlelwane).
Ngokufana nemiphumo ye-GSM-1800 MHz, i-LTE-induced altered neuronal responses yenzeke kumxholo we-LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, ebonakaliswe ngeempendulo ze-microglial.Ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba i-microglia inefuthe elinamandla kumsebenzi wothungelwano lwe-neuronal kwingqondo eqhelekileyo kunye ne-pathological brains41,42,43. Ukunciphisa i-neurotransmission, kodwa nakwi-motility ephezulu yeenkqubo zabo zeselula.Kwi-cortex ye-cerebral, zombini ukwanda kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi wothungelwano lwe-neuronal kubangela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwesizinda se-microglial spatial ngenxa yokukhula kweenkqubo ze-microglial44,45. imveliso ye-adenosine yendawo ye-microglia-mediated.
Kwiigundane eziphathwe nge-LPS ezifakwe kwi-GSM-1800 MHz kunye ne-SARACx kwi-1.55 W / kg, ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-ACx neurons kwenzeka ngokukhula kweenkqubo ze-microglial eziphawulwe ngeendawo ezibalulekileyo ze-Iba1 kwi-ACx28 Ukwanda. iimpendulo ze-neuronal.Uphononongo lwethu lwangoku luphikisana nale ngcamango kumxholo we-LTE ye-head exposure kunye ne-SARACx ekhawulelwe kwi-0.5 W / kg, njengoko singafumananga ukwanda kwendawo yendawo ehlanganiswe neenkqubo ze-microglial.Nangona kunjalo, oku akubandakanyi nayiphi na impembelelo yokubonakaliswa kwe-LTE kwi-LPS-activated microglia, enokuthi ithintele le mibuzo ye-neuronal efunekayo ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo we-neuronal ofunekayo ukucacisa umsebenzi we-neuronal. i-neuroinflammation iguqula iimpendulo ze-neuronal kwisignali ye-LTE.
Ngokolwazi lwethu, umphumo wezibonakaliso ze-LTE ekuqhubeni ukucutshungulwa kwe-auditory akuzange kufundwe ngaphambili.Izifundo zethu zangaphambili ze-26,28 kunye nophononongo lwangoku lubonise ukuba kwimeko yokuvuvukala okukhulu, ukuvezwa kwentloko yodwa kwi-GSM-1800 MHz okanye i-LTE-1800 MHz kubangele ukuguqulwa komsebenzi kwiimpendulo ze-neuronal kwi-ACx, njengoko kuboniswe ngokunyuka kwezizathu eziphambili zokuva, ngenxa yezizathu eziphambili zokuva. ngokuvezwa kwethu kwe-LTE.Okokuqala, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-dosimetry study eboniswe kwi-Figure 2, amanqanaba aphezulu e-SAR (kufuphi ne-1 W / kg) abekwe kwi-cortex ye-dorsomedial (ngaphantsi kwe-antenna), kwaye ayancipha kakhulu njengoko umntu ehamba ngokuthe tye kunye necala.Inxalenye ye-ventral yentloko. indlebe yendlebe) .Okwesibini, xa iindlebe ze-guinea zivezwa kwiinyanga ze-2 kwi-GSM 900 MHz (iintsuku ze-5 / iveki, i-1 iyure / imini, i-SAR phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-4 W / kg), akukho tshintsho olubonakalayo kubukhulu bemveliso ephazamisayo i-otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditorystherspomorestem, Responseur Expomore4, SMF Responseur Respension4, 7. I-900 okanye i-1800 MHz kwi-SAR yendawo ye-2 W / kg ayizange ichaphazele umsebenzi weseli ye-cochlear yangaphandle kwiigundane eziphilileyo48,49. inqanaba53,54.
Kuphononongo lwethu lwangaphambili kwi-dorsomedial inxalenye ye-cortex, iziphumo ezininzi ezibangelwa yi-GSM-1800 MHz eziqatshelwe kwiiyure ze-24 emva kokuvezwa kwakungasabonakali kwiiyure ze-72 emva kwe-exposure. i-gene kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-post-translation ye-receptors ze-AMPA.Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-cortex ye-auditory inexabiso eliphantsi le-SAR (0.5W / kg) kunommandla we-dorsomedial (2.94W / kg26), utshintsho kumsebenzi we-neuronal ochazwe apha lubonakala ludlula.
Idatha yethu kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo imida efanelekileyo ye-SAR kunye noqikelelo lwawona maxabiso e-SAR afunyenwe kwi-cerebral cortex yabasebenzisi bemfonomfono.
Ukulinganisa idosi kuye kwenziwa kusetyenziswa iimodeli ezahlukeneyo zentloko yomntu ukumisela ukufunxwa kwamandla e-RF kwizihlunu ezahlukeneyo zentloko ngexesha lentloko jikelele okanye unxibelelwano lwefowuni ephathwayo.Ukongeza kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeemodeli zentloko yomntu, olu linganiso lubonisa umahluko omkhulu okanye ukungaqiniseki ekuqikeleleni amandla afunxwa bubuchopho ngokusekwe kwiparamitha ye-anatomical okanye ye-histological efana nomthamo wangaphandle okanye wangaphakathi wamanzi, ubume obuhlukeneyo bobume bamanzi. ngokweminyaka, isini, okanye umntu 56,57,58 ama-frequencies kuluhlu lwe-1800 MHz58, 59, 60, kubonakala ngathi amanqanaba e-SAR afunyenwe kwi-cortex yokuphicothwa kwabantu asasetyenziswa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha se-cortex ye-cerebral.
Ukuqukumbela, uphando lwethu lubonisa ukuba ukuvezwa kwentloko enye kuphela kwi-LTE-1800 MHz iphazamisa iimpendulo ze-neuronal ze-cortical neurons kwi-sensory stimuli.Ngokuhambelana neempawu zangaphambili zemiphumo yokubonakaliswa kwe-GSM, iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba imiphumo ye-LTE yokubonakaliswa komsebenzi we-neuronal iyahluka ngesimo sezempilo. ukuguqulwa kwecortical processing ye-auditory stimuli.
Idatha yaqokelelwa kwiintsuku ze-55 ubudala ukusuka kwi-cortex ye-cerebral ye-31 indoda endala ye-Wistar rats efunyenwe kwi-laboratory yase-Janvier. Iigundane zazigcinwe kwindawo yomswakama (50-55%) kunye neqondo lokushisa (22-24 ° C) indawo elawulwayo kunye nomjikelezo wokukhanya / omnyama we-12 h / 12 h (izibane zamahhala ze-7: Ukufikelela simahla kwi-30am kunye nokufikelela kwi-7 ekuseni). ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo ezisungulwe yiBhunga le-European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), efana nezo zichazwe kwi-Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.Le protocol yamkelwe yiKomiti yezokuziphatha eParis-Sud kunye neZiko (CEEA N ° 59, iProjekthi ye-2014-920 esemthethweni yeProtocol 2014-20 yeProtocol yeSizwe) le komiti 32-2011 kunye 34-2012.
Izilwanyana zazihlala kumagumbi ekholoni ubuncinane kwiveki ye-1 ngaphambi konyango lwe-LPS kunye nokuvezwa (okanye ukuvezwa kwe-sham) kwi-LTE-EMF.
Iigundane ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zifakwe ngaphakathi kwe-intraperitoneally (ip) kunye ne-E. coli LPS (250 µg / kg, i-serotype 0127: B8, SIGMA) exutywe nge-endotoxin engenazintsholongwane ze-isotonic saline kwiiyure ezingama-24 ngaphambi kwe-LTE okanye i-sham exposure (n ngeqela ngalinye). = 11) .Kwiigundane ze-Wistar ezineminyaka eyi-2 ubudala, olu unyango lwe-LPS luvelisa impendulo ye-neuroinflammatory ephawulwe kwi-cortex ye-cerebral ngamajene amaninzi e-pro-inflammatory (i-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) yayilawulwa phezulu kwiiyure ze-24 emva kwe-24 i-injection kunye ne-injection ye-4. imibhalo encoding i-enzyme ye-NOX2 kunye ne-interleukin 1ß, ngokulandelanayo.Ngeli xesha le-24-h, i-cortical microglia ibonise i-morphology yeseli "exineneyo" ekulindeleke ukuba i-LPS-ibangele i-pro-inflammatory activation yeeseli (Figure 1), engafaniyo ne-LPS-ivuselelwe kusebenze ngabanye. I-Cellular pro-inflammatory activation ihambelana ne-24, i-61.
Ukuvezwa kwentloko kuphela kwi-LTE EMF kwenziwa kusetyenziswa ukuseta uvavanyo olusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya umphumo we-GSM EMF26.LTE ukubonakaliswa kwe-24 emva kwe-injection ye-LPS (izilwanyana ze-11) okanye akukho unyango lwe-LPS (izilwanyana ezi-5) . ukuvezwa kokuthintela ukunyakaza kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba intloko yesilwanyana yayikwi-antenna ye-loop ekhupha uphawu lwe-LTE Indawo eReproducible ngezantsi. Isiqingatha seegundane ezisuka kwi-cage efanayo zisebenza njengolawulo (izilwanyana ze-11 ze-sham-exposed, ngaphandle kwe-22 i-rats pretreated nge-LPS): zibekwe phantsi kwe-antenna ye-loop kunye namandla e-LTE. I-0.558, i-t-test engabonakaliyo, i-ns) .Zonke izilwanyana ezi-anesthetized zifakwe kwi-pad yokufudumala yensimbi ukuze kugcinwe ubushushu bomzimba wabo malunga ne-37 ° C kulo lonke uvavanyo. Njengoko kwiimvavanyo zangaphambili, ixesha lokuvezwa libekwe kwiiyure ze-2. Emva kokuvezwa, faka isilwanyana kwenye indawo yokufudumeza kwigumbi lokusebenza.Inkqubo efanayo ye-PS unposure ye-1 ye-PS unposure kunye ne-1 ye-exposure ye-1 enempilo yasetyenziswa. i-sham-evezwe kwi-cage efanayo (p = 0.694).
Inkqubo yokuvezwa yayifana neenkqubo ezingama-25, ezingama-62 ezichazwe kwizifundo ezidlulileyo, kunye nejenereyitha yerediyo etshintshwayo ukuze ivelise i-LTE endaweni yemimandla ye-electromagnetic ye-GSM. Ngokufutshane, ijenereyitha yeRF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Germany) ikhupha i-LTE - 1800 MHz amandla ombane (ZHL-4W-422 +, Mini-Circuits, USA), umjikelezi (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, France), i-coupler yeendlela ezimbini (CD D 1824-2, - 30 dB, Sodhy, France) kunye ne-four-way divider (DC D 0922-0922-4A) Izilwanyana ezine-simutane, ezivumela izilwanyana ezine ze-simutane, i-France ebonisa i-4N, i-Sod . (N1921A, Agilent, USA) eqhagamshelwe kwi-coupler ye-bidirectional evunyelwe ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kunye nokubeka iliso kwisiganeko kunye namandla abonakalisiweyo ngaphakathi kwesixhobo.Imveliso nganye yayiqhagamshelwe kwi-antenna ye-loop (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), eyenza ukuvezwa ngokuyinxenye kwentloko yesilwanyana.I-antenna ye-loop iquka i-antenna ye-loop edibeneyo kunye ne-4 eprintiweyo i-electric circuits = i-electric eprinted.6 ekrolwe kwi-insulating epoxy substrate.Kwesinye isiphelo, isixhobo sine-1 mm yocingo olubanzi olwenza ikhonkco elibekwe kufutshane nentloko yesilwanyana.Njengoko kwizifundo zangaphambili ze-26,62, izinga elithile lokufunxa (SAR) linqunywe ngamanani kusetyenziswa imodeli yerandi yamanani kunye ne-domain ye-finite difference time domain (FD4yrat) kunye ne-experimenti ye-hogene653. Kule meko, i-SAR kwi-W / kg ibalwa kusetyenziswa ifomyula: SAR = C ΔT / Δt, apho i-C inamandla okushisa kwi-J / (kg K), ΔT, kwi ° K kunye ne-Δt Ukutshintsha kobushushu, ixesha ngemizuzwana. Umahluko phakathi kwemilinganiselo ye-SAR yamanani kunye namaxabiso e-SAR afunyaniswe ngovavanyo angaphantsi kwe-30%.
Umzobo we-2a ubonisa ukusabalalisa kwe-SAR kwingqondo yegundane kwimodeli yegundane, ehambelana nokusabalalisa ngokwemiqathango yobunzima bomzimba kunye nobukhulu beegundane ezisetyenzisiweyo kwisifundo sethu.Ingqondo ithetha ukuba i-SAR yayiyi-0.37 ± 0.23 W / kg (ithetha ± SD) Amaxabiso e-SAR aphezulu kwindawo ye-cortical nje ngaphantsi kwe-loop antenna. I-0.08 W / kg (ithetha ± SD) (Umfanekiso 2b) .Njengoko ubunzima bomzimba weegundane eziveziweyo zi-homogeneous kwaye ukuhlukana kwe-head tissue ukutyeba akunanto, i-SAR yangempela ye-ACx okanye ezinye iindawo ze-cortical zilindeleke ukuba zifane kakhulu phakathi kwesilwanyana esivezwayo kunye nesinye.
Ekupheleni kokuvezwa, izilwanyana zongezwa ngemilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo ye-ketamine (20 mg / kg, ip) kunye ne-xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) kude kube kungabikho ukunyakaza kwe-reflex kubonwa emva kokutshiza i-hind paw.I-anesthetic yendawo (i-Xylocain 2%) ifakwe i-subcutaneously kwi-skin kunye ne-temporalis system, ngaphezu kwe-afterkull ye-metal. ukubeka isilwanyana kwisakhelo se-stereotaxic, i-craniotomy yenziwa ngaphaya kwe-cortex yesikhashana ekhohlo.Njengoko kwisifundo sethu sangaphambili66, ukususela ekudibaneni kwamathambo e-parietal kunye ne-temporal, ukuvulwa kwaba ngu-9 mm ububanzi kunye no-5 mm ukuphakama. Ubude obungaphezulu kwe-ACx bususwe ngokucophelela phantsi kolawulo lwe-binocular ngaphandle kokonakalisa i-development ye-acrylic isiseko segazi. i-samente yokulungiswa kwe-atraumatic yentloko yesilwanyana ngexesha lokurekhoda.Beka isakhelo se-stereotaxic esixhasa isilwanyana kwi-acoustic attenuation chamber (IAC, imodeli ye-AC1).
Idatha ifunyenwe kwiiyunithi ezininzi zokurekhoda kwi-cortex yokuqala ye-auditory cortex yeegundane ze-20, kubandakanywa nezilwanyana ze-10 ezenziwe ngaphambili nge-LPS.Iirekhodi ze-Extracellular zifunyenwe kuluhlu lwe-16 tungsten electrode (TDT, ø: 33 µm, <1 MΩ) equka imigca emibini ye-800mµm µm µm µm µm µm. i-electrodes kumqolo ofanayo) .Intambo yesilivere (ø: 300 µm) yokumisa ifakwe phakathi kwethambo lexeshana kunye ne-contralateral dura.Indawo eqikelelwayo ye-ACx ephambili yi-4-7 mm ngasemva kwe-bregma kunye ne-3 mm ye-ventral ukuya kwi-supratemporal suture.Isiginali eluhlaza yandiswa ngamaxesha amaninzi kunye ne-000 Td, emva koko i-multiplex yandiswa ngamaxesha e-10 Td, emva koko i-multiplex iphindwe kabini inkqubo yokufumana idatha (RX5, TDT) .Imiqondiso eqokelelwe kwi-electrode nganye yahluzwa (610-10,000 Hz) ukukhupha umsebenzi weeyunithi ezininzi (i-MUA) .Amanqanaba e-Trigger abekwe ngokucophelela kwi-electrode nganye (ngamaqabane adibeneyo aphuphuthekiswe ukuba aveze okanye aveze i-sham-exposed states) ukukhetha isenzo esikhulu kunazo zonke kwi-signal. iqulethwe ngamanyathelo anokuthi athathwe yi-3 ukuya kwi-6 neurons kufuphi ne-electrodes. Ekuqaleni kovavanyo ngalunye, sibeka indawo yoluhlu lwe-electrode ukwenzela ukuba imiqolo emibini yee-electrode ezisibhozo ikwazi ukusampula i-neurons, ukusuka kwiimpendulo eziphantsi ukuya kwii-frequency eziphezulu xa zenziwa kwi-rostral orientation.
Izivuseleli ze-acoustic zenziwa eMatlab, zathunyelwa kwi-RP2.1 esekelwe kwinkqubo yonikezelo lwesandi (TDT) yaza yathunyelwa kwiFostex yesandisi-lizwi (FE87E) .Isandisi-lizwi sabekwa kwi-2 cm ukusuka kwindlebe yasekunene yempuku, apho umgama isandisi-lizwi savelisa i-sound frequency spectrum (± 360H) phakathi kwe-360 H kHz.Ulungelelwaniso lwesandisi-lizwi lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ingxolo kunye neethowuni ezisulungekileyo ezirekhodwe nge-Bruel kunye ne-Kjaer microphone 4133 edityaniswe ne-preamplifier ye-B&K 2169 kunye nerekhoda yedijithali Marantz PMD671.I-Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) yamiselwa kusetyenziswa i-97 gamma-tone ye-gamma-ithoni evezwa i-4 kz86, iifrikhwensi ze-4 oH30 ngokulandelelana okungahleliweyo kwi-75 dB SPL kwi-4.15 Hz.INdawo yokuPhendula ngokuphindaphindiweyo (FRA) izimisele ukusebenzisa isethi efanayo yeetoni kwaye iboniswe ngokulandelelana okungahleliweyo kwi-2 Hz ukusuka kwi-75 ukuya kwi-5 dB SPL.I-frequency nganye inikezelwa ngamaxesha asibhozo kwinqanaba ngalinye.
Iimpendulo kwizivuseleli zendalo nazo zavavanywa.Kwizifundo zangaphambili, siye sabona ukuba amazwi empuku awafane enze iimpendulo ezinamandla kwi-ACx, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yi-neuronal optimal frequency (BF), kanti i-xenograft-specific (umzekelo, i-songbird okanye i-guinea pig vocalizations) ngokuqhelekileyo Yonke ithoni yavavanya kwimephu ye-guine correstical. (impempe esetyenziswe kuma-36 yayiqhagamshelwe kwi-1 s ye-stimuli, inikwe amaxesha angama-25).
Sisenokwenza ngokwezifiso amalungu e-rf passive ngokweemfuno zakho. Ungangenisa iphepha lokulungiselela ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ozifunayo.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-23-2022
