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Iingcali ezikhokelayo kwi-RF dosimetry zichitha iintlungu ze-5G-kunye nomahluko phakathi kokuvezwa kunye nedosi

Kenneth R. Foster unamashumi eminyaka amava ukufunda radio frequency (RF) radiation kunye neziphumo zayo kwi biological systems.Now, uye wabhalisa uphando olutsha ngesihloko kunye nabanye abaphandi ababini, Marvin Ziskin kunye Quirino Balzano. Collectively, bobathathu (bonke tenured IEEE nabalingane) babe ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yamava kulo mbandela.
Uvavanyo, olupapashwe kwiJenali yeHlabathi yoPhando lweNdalo kunye neMpilo yoLuntu ngoFebruwari, yajonga kwiminyaka engama-75 edlulileyo yophando malunga novavanyo lokuvezwa kweRF kunye ne-dosimetry.
IEEE Spectrum ithethe nge-imeyile kunye nonjingalwazi weYunivesithi yasePennsylvania emeritus Foster.Besifuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni izifundo zovavanyo lokuba sesichengeni seRF ziphumelele kangaka, yintoni eyenza iRF dosimetry ibenzima, kwaye kutheni iinkxalabo zoluntu malunga nempilo kunye nemitha yemitha engenazingcingo zingabonakali ngathi ziyahamba.
Kwabo bangawaziyo umahluko, yintoni umahluko phakathi kokuvezwa kunye nedosi?

Kenneth Foster: Kumxholo wokhuseleko lweRF, ukuba sesichengeni kubhekisa kwibala elingaphandle komzimba, kwaye ithamo libhekisa kumandla afunxekayo kwithishu yomzimba. Zombini zibalulekile kwizicelo ezininzi - umzekelo, ezempilo, impilo yomsebenzi, kunye nophando lokhuseleko lwe-elektroniki yabathengi.
"Uphononongo oluhle lophando malunga neempembelelo zebhayoloji ze-5G, jonga [inqaku likaKen] Karipidis, elifumene 'akukho bungqina bubambekayo bokuthi amasimi asezantsi eRF angaphezulu kwe-6 GHz, njengalawo asetyenziswa ngamanethiwekhi e-5G, ayingozi kwimpilo yabantu.' "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania
Foster: Ukulinganisa amasimi eRF kwindawo ekhululekileyo akuyongxaki. Eyona ngxaki ivela kwezinye iimeko kukuguquguquka okuphezulu kokuvezwa kweRF. Umzekelo, izazinzulu ezininzi ziphanda amanqanaba eRF kwindawo yokusingqongileyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe iinkxalabo zempilo yoluntu. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani elikhulu lemithombo yeRF kokusingqongileyo kunye nokubola okukhawulezayo kwecandelo leRF ukusuka kuwo nawuphi na umthombo, oku akuyonto ilula ukuyichaza. ucelomngeni lokwenyani, ubuncinane kwizazinzulu ezimbalwa ezizama ukwenjenjalo.

Xa wena kunye nababhali osebenzisana nabo babhala inqaku lakho le-IJERPH, ibiyinjongo yakho ukukhomba impumelelo kunye nemingeni yedosimetric yezifundo zovavanyo lokuvezwa? Foster: Injongo yethu kukwalatha kwinkqubela phambili ebalaseleyo yovavanyo lokuvezwa kophando olwenzileyo kule minyaka idlulileyo, eye yongeza ingcaciso eninzi kuphononongo lweziphumo zebhayoloji kwiinkalo zetekhnoloji kanomathotholo kwaye iqhubele phambili phambili kwezonyango.
Ingaba izixhobo kwezi nkalo ziphuculwe kangakanani?Ungandixelela ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ebezifumaneka kuwe ekuqaleni kwekhondo lakho lomsebenzi, umzekelo, xa kuthelekiswa noko kukhoyo namhlanje?Izixhobo eziphuculweyo zinegalelo njani kwimpumelelo yovavanyo lokuvezwa?
Foster: Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa imimandla yeRF kuphando lwezempilo nokhuseleko ziya zisiba ncinci kwaye zibe namandla ngakumbi. Ngubani obenokucinga kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo ukuba izixhobo zentsimi yorhwebo ziya komelela ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziziswe emsebenzini, zikwazi ukulinganisa imimandla yeRF eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibangele ingozi emsebenzini, kodwa inovakalelo ngokwaneleyo ukulinganisa amasimi abuthathaka ukusuka kwii-eriyali ezikude, ukuchonga imbonakalo yomthombo wexesha elifanayo?
Kwenzeka ntoni xa iteknoloji engenazingcingo ingena kwiibhendi zamaza amatsha-umzekelo, imilimitha kunye namaza eterahertz eselula, okanye i-6 GHz yeWi-Fi?
Foster: Kwakhona, ingxaki inxulumene nobunzima bemeko ye-exposure, kungekhona i-instrumentation.Ngokomzekelo, izikhululo zesiseko ze-5G eziphezulu ze-5G zikhupha iiplanga ezininzi ezihamba nge-space.Oku kwenza kube nzima ukulinganisa ukubonakaliswa kwabantu abakufutshane neendawo zeseli ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kukhuselekile (njengoko kusoloko kunjalo).
"Ndixhalabile ngakumbi malunga nefuthe elinokubakho lexesha elininzi lesikrini kuphuhliso lomntwana kunye nemiba yabucala." – Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania

Ukuba uvavanyo lokuvezwa yingxaki esonjululweyo, yintoni eyenza ukuba ukutsiba kwidosimetry echanekileyo kube nzima kangaka? Yintoni eyenza eyokuqala ibelula kakhulu kuneyamva?
Foster: Idosimetry icela umngeni kunovavanyo lokuvezwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo awukwazi ukufaka uphando lweRF emzimbeni womntu. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni unokufuna olu lwazi, njengakunyango lwe-hyperthermia yonyango lomhlaza, apho izicubu kufuneka zifudunyezwe ukuya kumanqanaba acacisiweyo. Ubushushu buncinci kakhulu kwaye akukho ncedo lonyango, kakhulu kwaye uya kutshisa isigulana.
Ngaba ungandixelela ngakumbi malunga nendlela eyenziwa ngayo idosimetry namhlanje?Ukuba awukwazi ukufaka iprobe emzimbeni womntu, yeyiphi eyona nto ilungileyo elandelayo?
Foster: Kulungile ukusebenzisa iimitha zeRF zakudala ukulinganisa amabala asemoyeni ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kunjalo kunjalo ngomsebenzi wokhuseleko emsebenzini, apho kufuneka ulinganise iindawo zerediyo zerediyo ezenzeka kwimizimba yabasebenzi. Kwi-hyperthermia yonyango, kusengafuneka udibanise izigulane ezine-thermal probes, kodwa idosi ye-computational iye yaphucula idosimethiri iye yaphucula kakhulu kwinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwithekhnoloji.Kuphononongo lweziphumo zebhayoloji zeRF (umzekelo, ukusebenzisa i-eriyali ezibekwe kwizilwanyana), kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba mangakanani amandla eRF afunxwayo emzimbeni kwaye apho aya khona.Awukwazi nje ukutshangatshangisa ifowuni yakho phambi kwesilwanyana njengomthombo wokuvezwa (kodwa abanye abaphandi benza) .Kwizifundo ezithile eziphambili, ezifana nezakutshanje zeNational Toxicology rats kwi-exposure yeNkqubo ye-Toxicology yamva nje kwi-exposure yeNkqubo ye-Toxicology yakutshanje kwi-exposure yeNkqubo ye-Toxicology yakutsha nje kwi-exposure yenkqubo yokwenyani ye-RF kwi-exposure yokwenene yophando lwe-RF ebomini bobomi dosimetry.
Kutheni ucinga ukuba zininzi iinkxalabo eziqhubekayo malunga nemitha yemitha engenazingcingo ukuba abantu balinganise amanqanaba ekhaya?

Foster: Imbono yomngcipheko lishishini elintsonkothileyo.Iimpawu zemitha yerediyo zihlala zibangela inkxalabo.Awukwazi ukuyibona, akukho nxibelelwano luthe ngqo phakathi kokuvezwa kunye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo abanye abantu abazixhalabeleyo, abantu badla ngokubhidanisa amandla amaza kanomathotholo (non-ionizing, okuthetha ukuba iifotoni zayo zibuthathaka kakhulu ukophula imichiza yeekhemikhali) kunye ne-ionizing X-rays, njl. Ukungakwazi ukubonisa olu buntununtunu kwizifundo ezimfamekileyo nezilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo.Abanye abantu baziva besongelwa inani elihlala likhona lee-eriyali ezisetyenziselwa unxibelelwano olungenazingcingo.Uncwadi lwenzululwazi luqulethe iingxelo ezininzi ezinxulumene nempilo yomgangatho ohlukeneyo apho umntu anokufumana khona ibali eloyikisayo.Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ngenene kusenokubakho ingxaki yezempilo (nangona i-arhente yezempilo ifumanise ukuba yayinenkxalabo encinci kodwa yathi "uluhlu olungakumbi luyafuneka).

Uvavanyo lokuvezwa ludlala indima kule nto.Abathengi banokuthenga izixhobo zeRF ezingabizi kakhulu kodwa ezinovakalelo kakhulu kwaye baphande imiqondiso yeRF kwindawo yabo, apho kukho ezininzi.Ezinye zezi zixhobo "cofa" njengoko zilinganisa ukubetha kwamaza kanomathotholo kwizixhobo ezifana neendawo zofikelelo ze-Wi-Fi, kwaye ziya kuvakala njengekhawunta ye-Geiger kwi-reactor yenyukliya ye-nuclear ye-reactor yehlabathi. isicelo.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, iBritish Medical Journal yapapasha ikhwelo lokumisa ukusasazwa kwe-5G de kuqinisekwe ukhuseleko lobuchwepheshe. Ucinga ntoni ngezi fowuni? Ucinga ukuba ziya kunceda ukwazisa icandelo loluntu oluxhalabileyo malunga neziphumo zempilo zokuvezwa kweRF, okanye zibangele ukubhideka okungakumbi? Foster: Ubhekisa kuluvo luka- [ingcali yezifo ezibulalayo uJohn] ayivumelani nenzululwazi yezempilo ukuba uninzi lwee-arhente zezempilo azivumelani nazo. ukubiza nje uphando olungakumbi, kodwa ubuncinane enye - ibhodi yezempilo yaseDutch - icele ukuba kumiswe ukukhutshwa kwe-high-band 5G de kube uphando olungakumbi lokhuseleko lwenziwe.Ezi ngcebiso ziqinisekileyo ukutsala ingqalelo yoluntu (nangona i-HCN iphinda ibone ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kukho nayiphi na inkxalabo yezempilo).
Kwinqaku lakhe, uFrank ubhala athi, "Amandla avelayo ophando lwebhubhoratri acebisa [imimandla ye-radio-frequency electromagnetic fields] eyonakalisayo yebhayoloji ye-RF-EMF."

Nantso ke ingxaki: kukho amawaka ezifundo ze-RF zebhayoloji kuncwadi. Amanqaku okugqibela, ukufaneleka kwimpilo, umgangatho wokufunda kunye namanqanaba okuvezwa ahluka ngokubanzi. Uninzi lwazo luchaze uhlobo oluthile lwesiphumo, kuwo onke ama-frequencies kunye nawo onke amanqanaba okuvezwa. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifundo zazisemngciphekweni omkhulu we-bias (i-dosimetry eyaneleyo, ukungabikho kokungaboni, ubungakanani besampulu encinci, njl.) Kwaye izifundo ezininzi azihambelani nabanye." Uqwalaselo oluthe kratya oluvela kwii-arhente zempilo. Ezi ziye zasilela ngokuqhubekayo ukufumana ubungqina obucacileyo beziphumo ezibi kwimimandla yeRF engqongileyo.
UFrank wakhalaza malunga nokungahambelani ekuxoxeni esidlangalaleni "i-5G" -- kodwa wenza impazamo efanayo ngokungakhankanyi i-frequency bands xa ebhekisela kwi-5G. Enyanisweni, i-low-band kunye ne-mid-band ye-5G isebenza kwiifrikhwensi ezikufutshane neebhendi zeselula zangoku kwaye ayibonakali ukuba ibonise imiba emitsha yokuvezwa.I-High-band 5G isebenza kwi-frequency ye-5G iqala kwi-frequencies ye-ferequencies kwi-mmw0 ephantsi kwe-frequencies ye-frequencies ephantsi kwe-frequencies ye-mm3. Iziphumo zebhayoloji kolu luhlu lwamaza, kodwa amandla angena lula eluswini, kwaye iiarhente zempilo azikhange ziveze iinkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko lwayo kumanqanaba okuvezwa aqhelekileyo.
UFrank akazange achaze ukuba loluphi uphando afuna ukulwenza phambi kokuba akhuphe i-"5G," nokuba wayethetha ukuthini na. [I-FCC] ifuna abantu abaneelayisensi babambelele kwimida yokuvezwa kwayo, efana naleyo yakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Uphononongo oluneenkcukacha lwe-5G yophando lwebhayoloji, jonga [inqaku likaKen] Karipidis, elifumene "akukho bungqina bubambekayo bokuba amasimi asezantsi eRF ngaphezulu kwe-6 GHz, njengalawo asetyenziswa yinethiwekhi ye-5G, ayingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Uphononongo lukwabize uphando oluninzi.
Uncwadi lwezenzululwazi luxutyiwe, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ii-arhente zempilo azifumananga bungqina bucacileyo beengozi zempilo ezivela kwimimandla yeRF.
Urhulumente wenza imali eninzi yokuthengisa i-spectrum yonxibelelwano lwe-5G, kwaye kufuneka atyale imali ethile kuphando lwezempilo oluphezulu, ngakumbi i-band ephezulu ye-5G.Ngokwam, ndixhalabile kakhulu malunga nefuthe elinokubakho lexesha elide lesikrini ekuphuhliseni umntwana kunye nemiba yangasese.
Ngaba kukho iindlela eziphuculweyo zomsebenzi wedosimetry? Ukuba kunjalo, yeyiphi eyona mizekelo inika umdla okanye ethembisayo?

Foster: Mhlawumbi ukuqhubela phambili okuphambili kwidosimetry yokubala kunye nokuqaliswa kweendlela zexesha lomahluko ogqityiweyo (FDTD) kunye neemodeli zamanani zomzimba ezisekelwe kwisisombululo esiphezulu semifanekiso yezonyango. Oku kuvumela ukubalwa okuchanekileyo kakhulu kokufunxwa komzimba wamandla eRF kuwo nawuphi na umthombo.Idosimetry yeComputational inike ubomi obutsha kunyango olusekiweyo lomhlaza, uphuhliso lwesifo somhlaza kunye nokuphuculwa kwesifo somhlaza esisekiweyo. Iinkqubo zokucinga nge-MRI kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha bezonyango.
UMichael Koziol ngumhleli odibeneyo kwi-IEEE Spectrum, equka zonke iindawo zonxibelelwano.Uphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseSeattle ene-BA kwisiNgesi kunye neFiziksi, kunye ne-MA kwiNzululwazi yeNzululwazi evela kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York.
Kwi-1992, u-Asad M. Madni wathatha i-BEI Sensors kunye noLawulo, ejongene nomgca wemveliso obandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-sensor kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba nge-inertial, kodwa wayenesiseko esincinci sabathengi-ngokuyinhloko i-aerospace kunye nokukhusela i-electronics industry.

Imfazwe ebandayo yaphela kwaye imboni yokhuselo yase-US yawa.Kwaye ishishini aliyi kuphinda libuyele ngokukhawuleza.I-BEI yayidinga ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza nokutsala abathengi abatsha.
Ukufumana aba bathengi kufuna ukulahla inkqubo ye-inertial sensor yenkampani ngokuthanda itekhnoloji entsha ye-quartz engangqinwanga, i-miniaturizing sensors ze-quartz, kunye nokuguqula umenzi ovelisa amashumi amawaka eenzwa ezibizayo ngonyaka ukuze avelise izigidi ngexabiso eliphantsi. umenzi woluvo.
I-Madni igxininise kakhulu ukuba yenzeke kwaye iphumelele ngakumbi kunokuba nabani na wayenokucinga nge-GyroChip.Le nzwa yokulinganisa i-inertial engabiziyo iyinto yokuqala yokudibanisa kwimoto, eyenza iinkqubo zokulawula ukuzinza kwe-electronic (ESC) zibone i-slippage kwaye zisebenzise iibhuleki zokuthintela i-rollovers.Njengoko i-ESCs ifakwe kuzo zonke iimoto ze-5-1 ukuya kwiinkqubo ze-20 ukuya kwii-20. abangama-7 000 bahlala eUnited States kuphela, ngokutsho kweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Isixhobo siqhubeka sisentliziyweni yeenqwelomoya ezingenakubalwa zorhwebo kunye nezabucala, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula uzinzo kwiinkqubo zesikhokelo somjukujelwa wase-US.Yade yaya kuMars njengenxalenye yePathfinder Sojourner rover.
Indima yangoku: Unjingalwazi oBalulekileyo kwi-UCLA; UMongameli odla umhlala-phantsi, i-CEO kunye ne-CTO ye-BEI Technologies

Imfundo: 1968, iKholeji yeRCA; I-BS, i-1969 kunye ne-1972, i-MS, i-UCLA, zombini kubuNjineli boMbane; Ph.D., kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Coast, ngo-1987
Amaqhawe: Ngokuqhelekileyo, utata wandifundisa indlela yokufunda, indlela yokuba ngumntu, nentsingiselo yothando, imfesane novelwano; kwezobugcisa, uMichelangelo; kwezenzululwazi, uAlbert Einstein; kubunjineli ku, Claude Shannon
Umculo owuthandayo: Kumculo waseNtshona, iBeatles, iRolling Stones, uElvis; Umculo waseMpuma, iGhazals
Amalungu ombutho: IEEE Life Fellow; IZiko leSizwe lobuNjineli lase-US; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; I-Academy yaseKhanada yobuNjineli
Elona bhaso libalulekileyo: I-IEEE yeMbasa yeMbeko: "Igalelo lobuvulindlela kuphuhliso norhwebo lwendlela entsha yokuqonda kunye nobuchwepheshe beenkqubo, kunye nobunkokeli bophando obugqwesileyo"; UCLA Alumni woNyaka ka-2004
UMadni ufumene imbasa ye-2022 ye-IEEE yeMbeko yobuvulindlela kwi-GyroChip, phakathi kwamanye amagalelo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe kunye nobunkokeli bophando.
Ubunjineli yayingengomsebenzi wokuqala wokukhetha uMadni.Wayefuna ukuba ngumzobi olungileyo.Kodwa imeko yezemali yentsapho yakhe eMumbai, eIndiya (emva koko eMumbai) ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960 yamjikela kubunjineli—ingakumbi i-elektroniki, ngenxa yomdla wakhe kwizinto ezintsha eziqulethwe epokothweni ye-transistor ye-elektroniki kwi-United States6CA, wafudukela kwiKholeji ye-transistor6 eUnited States. IsiXeko saseNew York, esadalwa ekuqaleni kwee-1900s ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abangenazingcingo kunye neengcali.
"Ndifuna ukuba yinjineli ekwazi ukuyila izinto," watsho uMadeney, "kwaye ndenze izinto eziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zibe nefuthe ebantwini. Kuba ukuba andinakukwazi ukuchaphazela abantu, ndivakalelwa kukuba umsebenzi wam awuyi kuzaliseka."

UMadni wangena e-UCLA ngo-1969 kunye nesidanga se-bachelor kubunjineli bombane emva kweminyaka emibini kwinkqubo yeTekhnoloji ye-Electronics kwiRCA College.Waqhubeka nokulandela i-master's kunye ne-doctorate, esebenzisa i-digital signal processing kunye ne-frequency domain reflectometry ukuhlalutya iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ngophando lwakhe lwethisisi. Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe, naye wasebenza njengomhlohli kwi-Pacific State Oscar, wasebenza njengomfundisi kwi-Pacific State Oblast's, e-Belventory yase-Pacific, esebenza kwakhona kwiYunivesithi yase-Pasifiki yase-Hill. njengenjineli eyila iiperipheral zekhompyuter ePertec.
Kwandula ke, ngowe-1975, esandul’ ukutshata yaye ngokunyanzelwa ngulowo wayefunda naye eklasini, wafaka isicelo somsebenzi kwisebe leMicrowave laseSystron Donner.
UMadni waqala ukuyila i-analyzer ye-spectrum yokuqala yehlabathi kunye nokugcinwa kwedijithali kwi-Systron Donner. Wayengakaze asebenzise i-analyzer ye-spectrum ngaphambili-babebiza kakhulu ngelo xesha-kodwa wayeyazi kakuhle i-theory ngokwaneleyo ukuze aziqinisekise ukuba athathe umsebenzi.Waye wachitha iinyanga ezintandathu zokuvavanya, ukufumana amava ngamava kunye nesixhobo ngaphambi kokuzama ukuyilungisa kwakhona.
Le projekthi yathatha iminyaka emibini kwaye, ngokutsho kukaMadni, yaphumela kwiipatent ezintathu ezibalulekileyo, ukuqala kwakhe "ukukhwela kwizinto ezinkulu nezingcono."Kwaye kwamfundisa ukuxabisa umahluko phakathi "kokuthetha ntoni ukuba nolwazi lwethiyori kunye nokuthengisa iteknoloji enokunceda abanye," watsho.

Sisenokwenza ngokwezifiso amalungu e-rf passive ngokweemfuno zakho. Ungangenisa iphepha lokulungiselela ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ozifunayo.
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